ZIRCONIUM (lat. Zirconium), Zr, chemical. element of group IV of the short form (group 4 of the long form) periodic. systems; at. n. 40; at. m. 91.224; refers to transition elements. There are 5 stable isotopes in nature with mass numbers 90Zr (51.45%), 91Zr (11.22%), 92Zr (17.15%), 94Zr (17.38%) and 96Zr (2.80%). Of the artificially obtained radioisotopes with mass numbers 78–89, 93, 95, 97–112, the most used is 95Zr (T1/2 64.03 days; β-emitter).
Zirconium, properties of the atom, chemical and physical properties.
Zr 40 Zirconium
91.224(2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2
Zirconium is an element of the periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev with atomic number 40. It is located in the 4th group (according to the old classification - a secondary subgroup of the fourth group), the fifth period of the periodic system.
Zirconium atom and molecule. Zirconium formula. Structure of the zirconium atom
Isotopes and modifications of zirconium
Properties of zirconium (table): temperature, density, pressure, etc.
Physical properties of zirconium
Chemical properties of zirconium. Interaction of zirconium. Chemical reactions with zirconium
Obtaining zirconium
Applications of zirconium
Table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev
Application
Zirconia is used as a structural material in the form of alloys (see Zirconium alloys) and additives to steels, Al, Cu, Mg, Ti, Nb, Mo, in the form of zircaloy for fuel rod cladding and other parts of nuclear reactors, and for superconducting alloys. In surgery, honey is used as an implant and material. tools. They produce pipes, fittings, foil, wire, sponge. Detonators are made from powdered carbon and the components will illuminate. missiles, charges for volumetric explosions. C. salts are used as dyes, varnish components, catalysts, water-repellent agents for fabrics, antiperspirants, and deodorants. Zirconates are used to produce high-temperature ceramics and refractories. Solid solutions PbZrO3–PbTiO3, BaZrO3–BaTiO3 are dielectrics and piezoelectrics. Zircon and its colored varieties (hyacinth) are used in jewelry.
Zirconium atom and molecule. Zirconium formula. Structure of the zirconium atom:
Zirconium (lat. Zirconium, found in the mineral zircon, which gave the element its name) is a chemical element of D. I. Mendeleev’s periodic system of chemical elements with the designation Zr and atomic number 40. Located in the 4th group (according to the old classification - a secondary subgroup of the fourth group ), fifth period of the periodic table.
Zirconium is a metal. Belongs to the group of transition metals.
Zirconium is designated by the symbol Zr.
As a simple substance, zirconium under normal conditions is a ductile, shiny metal of silver-gray color.
The zirconium molecule is monatomic.
Chemical formula of zirconium Zr.
The electronic configuration of the zirconium atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2. The ionization potential (first electron) of the zirconium atom is 640.1 kJ/mol (6.634126(5) eV).
Structure of the zirconium atom. The zirconium atom consists of a positively charged nucleus (+40), around which 40 electrons move through five shells. In this case, 38 electrons are in the internal level, and 2 electrons are in the external level. Since zirconium is located in the fifth period, there are only five shells. First, the inner shell is represented by the s-orbital. The second - the inner shell is represented by s- and p-orbitals. The third and fourth - inner shells are represented by s-, p- and d-orbitals. The fifth - outer shell is represented by the s-orbital. At the internal energy level of the zirconium atom, there are two unpaired electrons in the 4d orbital. At the outer energy level of the zirconium atom, there are two paired electrons in the s orbital. In turn, the nucleus of a zirconium atom consists of 40 protons and 51 neutrons. Zirconium belongs to the elements of the d-family.
The radius of the zirconium atom (calculated) is 206 pm.
The atomic mass zirconium atom is 91.224(2) a. eat.
Receipt
Celium is produced from concentrates using fluoride, chloride, or alkaline methods; purification, concentration and separation from Hf - liquid extraction. The metal is obtained by calcethermic. reduction of ZrF4, sodium thermal reduction of ZrCl4, less often - electrolytic. method; pure carbon - by iodide refining, remelting in vacuum electric arc and electron beam furnaces. World production of C. is 1.5–1.6 million tons/year and is increasing over the years.
Properties of zirconium (table): temperature, density, pressure, etc.:
Detailed information on the website ChemicalStudy.ru
| 100 | General information | |
| 101 | Name | Zirconium |
| 102 | Former name | |
| 103 | Latin name | Zirconium |
| 104 | English name | Zirconium |
| 105 | Symbol | Zr |
| 106 | Atomic number (number in table) | 40 |
| 107 | Type | Metal |
| 108 | Group | Transition metal |
| 109 | Open | Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Germany, 1789 |
| 110 | Opening year | 1789 |
| 111 | Appearance, etc. | Ductile, shiny silver-gray metal |
| 112 | Origin | Natural material |
| 113 | Modifications | |
| 114 | Allotropic modifications | 3 allotropic modifications: – α-zirconium with a hexagonal close-packed crystal lattice, – β-zirconium with a cubic body-centered crystal lattice, – ω-zirconium with a hexagonal crystal lattice |
| 115 | Temperature and other conditions for the transition of allotropic modifications into each other | |
| 116 | Bose-Einstein condensate | |
| 117 | 2D materials | |
| 118 | Content in the atmosphere and air (by mass) | 0 % |
| 119 | Content in the earth's crust (by mass) | 0,013 % |
| 120 | Content in seas and oceans (by mass) | 2,6·10-9 % |
| 121 | Content in the Universe and space (by mass) | 5,0·10-6 % |
| 122 | Abundance in the Sun (by mass) | 4,0·10-6 % |
| 123 | Content in meteorites (by mass) | 0,00066 % |
| 124 | Content in the human body (by weight) | 5,0·10-6 % |
| 200 | Properties of the atom | |
| 201 | Atomic mass (molar mass) | 91.224(2) a. e.m. (g/mol) |
| 202 | Electronic configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2 |
| 203 | Electronic shell | K2 L8 M18 N10 O2 P0 Q0 R0 |
| 204 | Atomic radius (calculated) | 206 pm |
| 205 | Empirical atomic radius* | 155 pm |
| 206 | Covalent radius* | 148 pm |
| 207 | Ion radius (crystalline) | Zr4+ 73 (4) pm, 86 (6) pm, 98 (8) pm (in parentheses the coordination number is indicated - a characteristic that determines the number of nearest particles (ions or atoms) in a molecule or crystal) |
| 208 | Van der Waals radius | |
| 209 | Electrons, Protons, Neutrons | 40 electrons, 40 protons, 51 neutrons |
| 210 | Family (block) | d-family element |
| 211 | Period in the periodic table | 5 |
| 212 | Group on the periodic table | 4th group (according to the old classification - a secondary subgroup of the 4th group) |
| 213 | Emission spectrum | |
| 300 | Chemical properties | |
| 301 | Oxidation states | -2, +1, +2, +3, +4 |
| 302 | Valence | II, III, IV |
| 303 | Electronegativity | 1.33 (Pauling scale) |
| 304 | Ionization energy (first electron) | 640.1 kJ/mol (6.634126(5) eV) |
| 305 | Electrode potential | Zr4+ + 4e– → Zr, Eo = -1.539 V |
| 306 | Electron affinity energy of an atom | 41.1 kJ/mol |
| 400 | Physical properties | |
| 401 | Density* | 6.52 g/cm3 (at 20 °C and other standard conditions , state of matter – solid), 5.8 g/cm3 (at melting point 1855 °C and other standard conditions , state of matter – liquid) |
| 402 | Melting temperature* | 1855 °C (2128 K, 3371 °F) |
| 403 | Boiling temperature* | 4377 °C (4650 K, 7911 °F) |
| 404 | Sublimation temperature | |
| 405 | Decomposition temperature | |
| 406 | Self-ignition temperature of a gas-air mixture | |
| 407 | Specific heat of fusion (enthalpy of fusion ΔHpl)* | 14 kJ/mol |
| 408 | Specific heat of evaporation (enthalpy of boiling ΔHboiling)* | 591 kJ/mol |
| 409 | Specific heat capacity at constant pressure | |
| 410 | Molar heat capacity* | 25.36 J/(K mol) |
| 411 | Molar volume | 14.1 cm³/mol |
| 412 | Thermal conductivity | 22.6 W/(mK) (at standard conditions ), 22.7 W/(mK) (at 300 K) |
| 500 | Crystal cell | |
| 511 | Crystal grid #1 | α-zirconium |
| 512 | Lattice structure | Hexagonal close-packed |
| 513 | Lattice parameters | a = 3.231 Å, c = 5.148 Å |
| 514 | c/a ratio | 1,593 |
| 515 | Debye temperature | 291 K |
| 516 | Name of space symmetry group | P63/mmc |
| 517 | Symmetry space group number | 194 |
| 521 | Crystal grid #2 | β-zirconium |
| 522 | Lattice structure | Cubic body-centered |
| 523 | Lattice parameters | a = 3.61 Å |
| 524 | c/a ratio | |
| 525 | Debye temperature | |
| 526 | Name of space symmetry group | Im_ 3m |
| 527 | Symmetry space group number | 229 |
| 900 | additional information | |
| 901 | CAS number | 7440-67-7 |
Note:
205* The empirical radius of the zirconium atom according to [1] and [3] is 160 pm.
206* The covalent radius of zirconium according to [1] and [3] is 175±7 pm and 145 pm, respectively.
401* The density of zirconium according to [3] and [4] is 6.506 g/cm3 (at 0 °C and other standard conditions , the state of matter is a solid) and 6.45 g/cm3 (at 20 °C and other standard conditions , state of matter – solid) respectively.
402* The melting point of zirconium according to [3] is 1851.85 °C (2125 K, 3365.33 °F).
403* The boiling point of zirconium according to [4] is 4320 °C (4593.15 K, 7808 °F).
407* The specific heat of fusion (enthalpy of fusion ΔHmelt) of zirconium according to [3] and [4] is 19.2 kJ/mol and 14.6 kJ/mol, respectively.
408* The specific heat of evaporation (boiling enthalpy ΔHboiling) of zirconium according to [3] and [4] is 567 kJ/mol and 557.7 kJ/mol, respectively.
410* The molar heat capacity of zirconium according to [3] is 25.3 J/(K mol).
Finding metal in nature
There are deposits of zirconium ores all over the planet. They can be found in the form of various salts, as well as single crystals, the mass of which is often more than 1 kg. Rich deposits are located in India, Brazil, West Africa, South Africa, etc. On the territory of the Russian Federation, impressive reserves of the metal are located in Siberia and the Urals.
On an industrial scale, zirconium dioxide and silicate, baddeleyite, and zircon are in demand . The latter is the most common mineral on our planet. People have known him since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, many jewelers produced products from “imperfect diamonds,” which at that time were called zircons. After cutting, they became cloudy and shimmered completely differently from natural diamonds.
Radioactive zircons are also found. Wearing products made from them has a negative impact on human health. Small stones that are relatively transparent or have a faint color are considered safe.
Large, intensely colored materials, especially those that are opaque or dark green, can have high radiation levels. Such stones are prohibited from being stored in home collections, cut or transported in large quantities. Despite its high prevalence in nature, for a long time its popularity was significantly lower compared to rare radioactive metals. This is explained by the fact that ore deposits are scattered and there are no large deposits.
Hafnium is often a neighbor of zirconium in ores; their properties are very similar. Individually, each of the metals has good properties, but taken together they are unsuitable for use. Separation requires multi-level purification, which significantly increases the cost of zirconium production.
